The Amritsar massacre spurs the call for independence.Īfter World War I, Indians are growing increasingly frustrated that they fought for Britain but still have no freedom in their own land. They fear that a Hindu-run government would oppress Muslims, and they begin to form plans for a separate Muslim state. Resenting Hindu domination of the Congress party, Muslims form the Muslim League in 1906 to pursue their goals of independence and democracy. Members support modernization on a western model, but their ultimate dream is to achieve Indian self-rule. Known as the Congress party, the group hopes to use peaceful protest to achieve its goals. Nationalist leaders organize the Indian National Congress in 1885, calling for greater democracy to empower professional Indians like themselves. The Indian National Congress is organized. This destroys India's once-prosperous hand-weaving industry. The system favors the British, who flood India with inexpensive, machine-made textiles. On November 17, 1869, the Suez Canal opens, and British trade with India greatly increases. The Suez Canal opens and greatly improves British trade. Britain slows the reforms that so angered Hindus and Muslims, but continues to develop India for its own economic benefit. India is now governed by colonial rule, with British officials ruling in the name of the queen and holding top positions. Parliament puts India directly under control of the British crown.Īfter the Sepoy Rebellion, Parliament ends the rule of the East India Company and places India directly under control of the British crown. After brutal massacres on both sides, the British quell the rebellion, but an atmosphere of hatred and distrust remains. The animal fat is from cows, which are sacred to Hindus, or from pigs, which are forbidden to Muslims, and angry sepoys rise up in rebellion against their British officers. The East India Company requires sepoys, or Indian soldiers serving the company, to bite off cartridges greased with animal fat to load their rifles. In 1822 he sets up educational societies that help revive pride in Indian culture, and his influence on later leaders places him as the founder of Indian nationalism. The scholar Ram Mohun Roy, educated in both Western and Eastern classics, believes that India can learn from the West, but that there is room for a revitalization of Indian culture. While he hopes to introduce Britain to Indian history and culture, his successors launch decades of "reforms" meant to westernize the subcontinent. Hastings wages war and forms alliances to increase Britain's control. Hastings works quickly to consolidate the East India Company's control in India, removing power from the Nawab of Bengal and crippling the Mughal Empire. Warren Hastings becomes the first Governor-General of India in 1773, a position he holds until 1784. Governor-General Warren Hastings consolidates control in India. As a result, the East India Company takes political control over a large swath of India, despite its background as a trading company. On June 23, 1757, Robert Clive leads a British military force to victory at Plassey against the Nawab of Bengal. The East India Company takes political control in India. As the Mughal empire declines, the East India Company's influence in India grows steadily. Hoping to make money trading with India, the British East India Company wins trading rights on the fringe of the Mughal empire in 1617. The British East India Company wins trading rights in the Mughal empire.
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